How Peer to Peer (P2P) Works

Peer to Peer (P2P) Technology- How it works:

Ever wondered how P2P works? This guide will run down most of the major P2P services and how they work. Peer to Peer technology lets people share files over a network on the internet. Most people now use what is known as the second generation of P2P, which is unlike its predecessors like such as Napter, the second generation has no centralized server, making it harder for it to shut down.

How first generation P2P services worked:

A connection is established by a peer finding another peer to connect to. Each peer exchanges active peer and their addresses. When a connection has been established, the user can then search for files. When a search has been submitted, it connects to all nodes on its connection list. The results are then displayed and a connection is made.

How second generation P2P services worked:

Gnutella2: Hubs are used to quickly search for files, eliminating the original "find peer and search" method. Instead, they store a list of files on all the "Leaves" (A peer) that are connected to it, thus dramatically reducing search time. Advantages: Unlike Napster, if a hub crashes, it's network stays alive. Disadvantages: Doesn't make network any more durable than the first generation of P2P. Gnutella2: www.gnutella.com

FastTrack: Programs such as Kazaa and iMesh use the FastTrack protocol. Normal peers connect to a supernode which acts jsut like a hub. Supernodes also connect to other supernodes, allowing search requests to move through the network very quickly. Peers then establish a direct connection to a client after a file has been found. Advantages: Any client can become a supernode. Disadvantages: Corruption of files occur. Clients include: Kazaa (www.kazaa.com), iMesh (www.imesh.com)

BitTorrent: .torrent files are used to store information about the file being shared. Once a torrent file is opened, the client connects to the tracker which tells the client where the file is located and what other peers/seeders there are. BitTorrent works by chunks of small files being transferred (even through multiple connections), while you are downloading. The files are checked for corruption as the download continues. Leechers are people who download and don't upload, and are highly frowned upon on some sites, disallowing them from downloading any further. Advantages: Very fast for popular, new files. Disadvantages: Trackers are unreliable and if it goes down, the file is lost. Clients include: Azureus (www.azureus.com), Shareaza (www.shareaza.com).

EDonkey Network: Edonkey runs on the same principle as first generation P2P, only anybody can become a server. Clients communicate with the server to download files, and random chunks can be downloaded in any order then put together in the end. Advantages: No file corruption, leech penalization. Disadvantages: It can penalize users unfairly. EDonkey: www.edonkey2000.com

Infinitive!, Copyright 2005. All Rights Reserved.

Infinitive! http://www.infinate.x10hosting.com This article may be reproduced so long as your remain a link down the bottom. -Admin, Nigel.

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A "How To" On Connecting Through Dial Up And Broadband

A) DIAL UP

Requirements for dial up:

1) An account with an isp (internet service provider)
2) A computer capable of connecting to the internet
3) A standard 56k modem
4) Telephone line

How to install dial up

Connect the modem to an open pci slot(internal modem) or connect it to a usb port (external). After the modem is in place, you can connect the telephone cord from the telephone to the modems phone icon, however this is not advisable due to interferences. You may want to connect it directly from the wall jack telephone line to the jack icon on the modem. Now you may switch the computer on and start configuring so that you can connect to the internet

How to configure dial up in xp

1) Click start>control panel>network internet connections
2) Open ''new network wizard'' click next> ''connect to the internet'' click next>''setup my connection manually'' click next>''connect using a dial up modem'' click next
3) Type the name of your isp click next>type the user name password click next
4) Set whether or not you want available to all and if you want a desktop shortcut

Connecting

1) If you placed a shortcut open it and provide a username and password Specify whether or not to save it and whether or not to allow anyone to access the internet
2) Click dial and wait for the connection. Thats it!

B) CABLE CONNECTION

Requirements for cable connection

1) TV cable
2) Computer capable of connecting to the internet
3) Modem with coaxial port
4) Account with an ISP

How to install a cable connection

Install your cable modem and Windows will automatically detect it for you Now connect the tv cable from the wall to you modem. Install any given software. The modem will usually have two inlets, one for the TV and one for the cable from the wall. Alternatively, a splitter can be used

How to configure cable connection

1) Click start>control panel>network internet connections
2) Open ''new network wizard'' click next> ''connect to the internet'' click next>''setup my connection manually'' click next>''connect using a broadband connection that requires a username and password'' click next
3) Type the name of your isp click next>type the user name, password click next
4) Set whether or not you want available to all and if you want a desktop shortcut

Connecting

1) If you placed a shortcut open it and provide a username and password Specify whether or not to save it and whether or not to allow anyone to access the internet
2) Click connect and you should be connected immediately. Thats it!

C) DSL

Requirements for DSL connection
DSL ready line
Account with an ISP
DSL modem
computer capable of connecting to the internet
ASDL NIDS POTS Splitter

How to install DSL connection

The splitter is used so that it prevents any interference due to higher frequency used in DSL. Connect the telephone wires to the splitter and lead a cable from the splitter to the DSL modem. Connect the modem to your computer and install any software given.

How to configure DSL connection

1) Click start>control panel>network internet connections
2) Open ''new network wizard'' click next> ''connect to the internet'' click next>''setup my connection manually'' click next>''connect using a broadband connection that requires a username and password'' click next
3) Type the name of your isp click next>type the user name, password click next
4) Set whether or not you want available to all and if you want a desktop shortcut

Connecting

1) If you placed a shortcut open it and provide a username and password Specify whether or not to save it and whether or not to allow anyone to access the internet
2) Click connect and you should be connected immediately. Thats it!

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DSL, T1, Or DS3 Bandwidth - What's Right For Your Business?

When would YOU choose DSL, T1, or DS3 Bandwidth as the network solution for your business .... and why/why not? What are the pros and cons for and against each bandwidth type in a business setting?

In general .....

The answer to these questions is truly related to your application requirements. If you run applications that are latency or Jitter impacted, then DSL may not provide you with the service levels you need.

An additional extension of that would be your requirements for uptime. MTTR (Mean Time to Repair) is typically greatly improved with DS1 and DS3 circuits.

The size of the business is not nearly as important as your application requirements. Many large organizations can survive with DSL or in some cases dial-up, but a small organization that has streaming application traffic, mission critical traffic, or small latency or jitter requirements then DS1 or greater connectivity would be required.

Lastly, though often primarily, cost helps determine your choices.

To be more specific ....

T1s and DS-3s give the same offering except for capacity. T1s give 1.5Mbps upload and download speeds per line. DS3s give 32-45mbps upload and download speeds.

ADSL typically give asymmetric upload and download speeds (ADSL) typically 1.5, 3.0 and 6.0 Mbps download speeds and somewhere between 128 -768Mbps upload speeds.

Symmetrical DSL (SDSL) gives the same upload and download speeds, typically 384, 512 or 786Mbps upload and download.

Cable offerings vary with providers and location. Doing a comparison with cable would be impossible without knowing your provider and market. Not who your provider is and your location .... but knowing how your provider is in that particular market. Ask a local expert for that detail.

T1 and DS3 are very reliable with high MTBF (mean time between failure) and low MTTR (mean time to repair). Cable and DSL on the other side.

T1 and DS3 expensive, Cable and DSL more affordable.

If you do not have a need for high upload speeds, (VPN, VoIP, high Data transfer for backup/co-location, ftp streaming media or other high bandwidth services hosted in-house, etc) then an asymmetric connection is not evil. DSL/Cable may be a good choice in that case.

If you need high speed upload then T1/DS3 is needed.

Fro growing needs, T1 or fractional T3 is a good choice. After some point in growth, a full T3/DS3 becomes more economical.

For mission critical networks, two providers from two different physical points-of-entry may be necessary depending on the natural disasters you are likely to face.

Case study one: a company had a fractional T3 coming in from the East and another fractional T3 coming in from the West. Flooding and a sinkhole cut one T3. The network slowed down but stayed up.

Case study two: a company in South Florida lost its T1s and failed over to a Satellite link. Certain services were crippled by the latency of the system but their mission-critical applications kept running.

Which brings us to Satellite: usually asymmetric with extremely fast downloads (depending on service level) but typically slow uploads (but varies depending on service level). Has an intrinsic latency due to the speed of light and the distance of satellites. Advantage: natural disaster resistant, reliable, available everywhere and no last-mile issues.

In short...here's the 3 most important factors to consider.....

1- Link Speed and Committed Rate

T1 or DS3 can be purchased as dedicated point to point bandwidth. You will get the advertised speed guaranteed from point a to point b. KEY POINT if you are purchasing access to the internet and using the Internet to provide connectivity (VPN etc) then you are buying an on-ramp, the traffic on the "highway" after you get on could slow you down. Just because you bought a DS3 to the Internet doesn't mean that you will have DS3 access to everything onthe Internet.

2- Link Symmetry

T1 and DS3 give the same bandwidth in both directions when configured as point to point. Different flavors of DSL provide different up and downlink speeds.

3- QOS

T1 and DS3 are configurable to support TDM voice (straight out of your PBX). They can also support VoIP. If you are doing everything with VoIP it may not matter. If you are keeping some TDM voice it matters a lot.

For more help to find EXACTLY the right solution for your business network .... take advantage of the free services provided through DS3-Bandwidth.com. This comes in pretty handy considering how complicated evaluating your options could be. Plus using a free service such as this maximizes your resources .... time, effort, and manpower.

Michael is the owner of FreedomFire Communications....including DS3-Bandwidth.com and Business-VoIP-Solution.com. Michael also authors Broadband Nation where you're always welcome to drop in and catch up on the latest BroadBand news, tips, insights, and ramblings for the masses.

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Broadband - The Conduit That Allows Instant Worldwide Communications

Those with long enough memories will remember the first wave of dot.com mania in the 1990s, which led to a host of web businesses being valued at multi-millions of pounds by the stock market, despite never having generated any meaningful revenue. Many of those over-valued companies subsequently failed to make the predicted profits and disappeared without trace, incurring huge losses and leaving a lot of investors with burnt fingers.

One of the prime reasons for the failure of those early online businesses wasn't because their ideas or business models were outlandish it was because they relied upon 26kbps dial-up to deliver their website to the consumer. That proved to be far too slow as many website pages took far too long to download, provoking widespread disillusionment amongst web-users. As a result many turned their back on cyberspace, companies failed in their thousands, and the early optimism of internet entrepreneurs dissolved.

It has taken the widespread introduction of broadband access to the internet to reverse dot.com fortunes. Now, with download speeds of upwards of 8meg widely available the nightmares of the past have been largely forgotten and the internet business world is now experiencing rapid growth as people return to the web in their millions. In 2005 the UK passed the US in terms of per capita penetration of Broadband services, and now 89% of web users in the UK are broadband users, according to BRMB internet monitor.

Increased fierce competition has seen the price of broadband pushed down at the same time as download speeds have dramatically increased. That has enabled a communications revolution, as broad bandwidth allows users to make voice and video calls via their PCs far cheaper than using a traditional land-line.

The minimum recommended bandwidth for smooth video chat is 128kb for both upload and download speeds, but double that is much better. At a dial-up speed of 56kb video calling is just not possible, and even voice-only calls will be pretty poor. Now that almost nine in ten web users in the UK are on broadband at speeds in excess of those minimum speeds they can all take advantage of free voice and video calls on the web.

But it's just not increased bandwidth that has made quality video communications possible on the web. Rapidly improving technology has led to a dramatic increase in webcam quality meaning that they are no longer the preserve of the well-to-do; for example, a professional quality webcam can now be bought for under 100.

But, to make successful video calls all that is needed is a standard quality webcam costing between 20 and 30. It will give crystal clear quality and as most come with a built-in microphone, all you need to do is plug-and-play, then you are ready to make video calls to anyone in the world.

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